<h1>IELTS Essay Topics About Water</h1><p>If you are taking your IELTS test with an objective of improving your IELTS score, at that point I can strongly suggest that you consider picking article subjects about water. The purpose behind this is straightforward: In IELTS, so as to have the option to plan for an official test, you should compose articles which mirror the mentality of the test taker.</p><p></p><p>There are two kinds of IELTS expositions. You can decide to keep in touch with one kind of article and the other sort of paper will assist you with getting ready for the test. It is conceivable to compose an exposition on a subject that is difficult to comprehend by yourself.</p><p></p><p>The first sort of article is the troublesome paper. This is the exposition, which requires all the more understanding and basic reasoning abilities, yet additionally one which is more enthusiastically to compose. It will expect you to have the option to recount to your story in a sensible and engaging way.</p><p></p><p>The second sort of article, which is simpler to compose, is a simple paper. This article depends on realities, great rationale and on contemplating the composing style of the writer. The writers you should pay special mind to are the ones who don't have the information on English, however who can communicate their contemplations in English utilizing fascinating and unique words.</p><p></p><p>One of the best IELTS exposition subjects about water will be 'Drinking Fountains'. The topic of this theme is a significant one, since it furnishes you with the foundation of what you have to realize when discussing water. This is the material that you have to get ready for an authority IELTS test.</p><p></p><p>You need to begin with a simple clarification of what water is. Start with a fundamental information about water and its id ea. At that point you have to discuss the essentials of the earth wherein water exists, for example, the four seasons. This will give you a decent base to work from and this is the sort of inquiry that you won't discover hard to answer.</p><p></p><p>It is likewise significant that you know the essential topography of your nation. Know your nation's area. The motivation behind why this is so significant is on the grounds that you should have the option to address the inquiry 'for what reason are there lakes in regions which don't regularly have them?' This is another incredible point about water and what it can accomplish for you, when you have wrapped up your essay.</p><p></p><p>Water is one of the most significant subjects about water in an IELTS test. On the off chance that you need to have the option to prevail in your composing task, you should study water. By picking a paper point about water, you will have the option to go furthe r on your way towards having an IELTS test result which isn't only the best one, yet one which will stand apart as the best among all.</p>

Top English Research Paper Topics

Top English Research Paper TopicsWhen picking a top English research paper theme, it is imperative to take a gander at the exposition itself, the association of the material, and the paper's structure too. It is likewise imperative to choose a suitable point that fits into the particular scholarly objectives for which the course is being taken. The decision of subject is extremely close to home. Your article will be the main proof that you have given of your insight on the topic.Top English research paper themes can shift as per the order, goals, and kinds of courses being taken. Contingent upon the motivation behind the course, there are a wide range of themes that may be appropriate. Topic specialists (SMEs) help understudies in choosing top point regions. SMEs work with staff to decide the theme for every one of their students.You will need to painstakingly assess your composing style and aptitudes before you start composing the paper. On the off chance that you feel that your com posing style doesn't coordinate that of the paper that you are composing, you should keep on scanning for a subject that is increasingly good with your present aptitudes. On the off chance that you experience difficulty keeping up your concentration all through the course, at that point you should attempt various themes until you discover one that works. You may need to change your point if your composing style is poor to such an extent that it keeps you from finishing the task appropriately. Your scholarly counselor will regularly assist you with discovering points that you would be progressively open to composing about.The subsequent stage in great theme choice is to ensure that you comprehend the reason for the class. This can be useful in ensuring that you will pick the best paper theme for your task. Now and then individuals who take English courses find that they would prefer not to expound on a specific subject basically on the grounds that it isn't pertinent to the class. Fo r this situation, your direction from your counsel will assist you with picking a subject that is identified with the class and will make the data simpler to understand.You ought to likewise consider the sorts of points that are generally famous. Normal points incorporate religion, governmental issues, race, sex, and sexuality. On the off chance that you don't care for these subjects, you might need to pick another point. Your guide will assist you with figuring out which points intrigue you the most. Recall that you are making a paper that will be assessed by the class.You ought to likewise realize that many top English research paper points center around the historical backdrop of the United States. For instance, in the event that you are composing a paper about American history, it is essential to pick themes that identify with this point. You ought to stay away from themes that are not authentic in nature.Your guide will assist you with picking the correct point and set up your composing style. The counsel may enable you to figure out what kind of paper you ought to make and how you should structure your exposition. Recollect that your counsel will ensure that your paper is done on schedule and that you can meet the entirety of your scholastic goals.There are numerous themes that you can browse when you are searching for top English research paper subjects. Recall that your consultant will be an incredible asset in helping you choose which subject is directly for you. Set aside some effort to consider your subject decisions and converse with your counsel about it before you pick a point.

What is CBT Research Paper Topics?

<h1>What is CBT Research Paper Topics?</h1><p>The CBT Research Paper subjects can assist you with prevailing in the courses. CBT represents psychological social treatment and this is viable for individuals who experience the ill effects of nervousness. Studies have demonstrated that a great many people who experienced tension are inclined to wretchedness, substance misuse and even substance dependence.</p><p></p><p>Today's general public has offered ascend to various mental issues. Medications and liquor misuse are high on the rundown and it very well may be difficult to manage these conditions. The CBT Research Paper themes help an individual to change his point of view. This will empower him to proceed onward from the uneasiness and the issues it causes.</p><p></p><p>The CBT study subjects don't just assistance the people to get over their nervousness. They likewise help them to make enhancements in their connections . For example, when an individual experiences nervousness, he can really be incredibly scared of committing errors. He may go about as though he is reluctant to get things done. CBT study points encourages him to take a gander at his conduct dispassionately and afterward manage it accordingly.</p><p></p><p>Anxiety can really deny you of your life. It can cause physical and enthusiastic medical issues. Numerous individuals become fixated by their dread and stress that leave them feeling pushed and troubled. CBT Research Paper themes will assist an individual with being ready to conquer nervousness and depression.</p><p></p><p>CBT Study Topics has helped an extraordinary number of individuals to defeat uneasiness and wretchedness. It has been demonstrated that this technique for treatment is protected and has no reactions. Research contemplates have indicated that it can really spare lives.</p><p></p><p>Many indiv iduals accept that nervousness makes them be fractious. They may feel as though they are continually under tension. For example, an individual may continue encountering alarm assaults. At the point when an individual is experiencing uneasiness, he will frequently feel as though he is running on empty.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals have discovered that their nervousness has made them gotten discouraged. They accept that in the event that they are not under tension or stress, at that point they will get cheerful. At the point when an individual feels glad, he can finally relax and he will have the option to manage his concerns and problems.</p><p></p><p>Anxiety and discouragement is a disease that should be managed a ton of tolerance. CBT Research Paper Topics is the correct methodology for individuals who need to proceed onward with their lives. The tension will be diminished and the downturn is soothed. This will improve an individual' s nature of life.</p>

Improving Medication Concordance in Mental Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4690 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Discussion Essay Did you like this example? Improving Medication Concordance in Mental Health- A Review of the Literature Where a man is against his will, that to him is a prison. Epictetus Abstract There has been much discussion on why concordance with antipsychotic medication and treatment appears to differ from other fields of medicine. Does the literature support this contention? This review aims to seek out best practice and apply the principle of informed choice in assessing concordance and using appropriate interventions to educate individuals with psychosis. Contents Abstract Introduction Compliance or concordance? Client centered therapy Administration of medicines and patient capacity Competent or non-competent? Schizophrenia in comparison with asthma and epilepsy Negotiating medication Antipsychotics- Hobson’s choice? Education the patient’s view Psychosocial treatment interventions Compliance therapy Conclusion and Recommendations References Introduction The aim of this literature revie w is to identify if possible, what simple, easily introduced refinement may be useful on an acute mental health ward, with the aim of better understanding the factors affecting concordance with both medication and treatment provisions. The review of the evidence was necessarily broad, for two reasons. Firstly, the premise that concordance is poorer with mentally ill patients (Hughes, et al. 997, Marland and Cash, 2005), compared with those suffering from physical illnesses (although acknowledging the considerable over-lap). This premise has been personally encountered whilst on practice placements. Secondly, whether any advantage might be gained from other areas of practice and applied to the chosen patient group. The literature search strategy was carried out by initially accessing the â€Å"Pub med† and â€Å"Ovid† databases, using the terms â€Å"concordance†, â€Å"compliance† and â€Å"adherence†. Attention was focused on research papers that dealt with both physical and mental conditions. Priority was given to any evaluation of techniques potentially useful in improving concordance, and research papers frequently referred to by other authors, or otherwise indicated as seminal. The review was limited to studies carried out in the UK, Ireland, and the USA. It was of course, necessary to limit the final discussion to a representative number, which aim to reflect some changing views, with emphasis on recent research. Gray, et al. (2002) note that non-compliance with antipsychotic medication is a major preventable cause of relapse in psychotic patients. The causes of non-compliance are seldom immediately clear, and the literature suggests a large number of factors interplay, and individual reasons for stopping medication can be arbitrary. Evidence-based medication management aimed at enhancing treatment concordance should include a collaborative, educational approach to working with patients, tailoring medication regim es to the patient. Gray, et al. advocate using therapeutic techniques such as compliance therapy, discussed in this review, in order to empower individuals, and preserve their right to choice. Compliance or concordance? Repper and Perkins (1998) highlighted the importance of terminology in mental health, and suggest that the use of words like compliance infer patients should be passive recipients of health-care, and should obey professionals. It has recently been proposed that â€Å"concordance† should replace the words â€Å"compliance† and â€Å"adherence†. Concordance emphasizes patient rights, and the importance of two-way decision making. More controversially, it also suggests patients have the right to make choices such as stopping medication, even if clinicians do not agree with the decision. This principle conflicts with traditional psychiatric practice, and potentially with the provision of treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983. Since this re view reflects the source literature, the three terms are retained, and may be read as synonyms, unless the context dictates otherwise. Client centered therapy Rogers (1975) Client centered therapy, described five factors affecting health behaviour; severity, susceptibility, response, self-efficacy and fear. Focusing on the latter two factors, self-efficacy has been defined as a person’s belief in his ability to accomplish a given task (Bandura, 1977, quoted by Hughes, 2004). How a person thinks an illness will affect him is determined by previous knowledge or experience, as well as fear, or threat appraisal. Belief that a change would improve coping strategies, and the person is empowered to undertake such a change, can improve considerably the ability of the patient to be more independent, and concordant with medication strategies. Administration of medicines and patient capacity The law imposes a duty of care on those that administer medication to others (Griffith, et al . 2003). Administration of medication is not without its complications. Minor prescribing errors, adverse drug reactions, interactions with food, or herbal products, overdoses (intentional or otherwise), and even possible genetic problems or death. These potential problems are reflected in the strict legal framework that regulates the prescribing and distribution of medication. There is however, still widespread concern in the UK over the administration of non-prescribed medicine and the practice of covert administration in the non-compliant (Wright, 2002). The law is clear that covert administration is only justifiable in cases of incapacity. Incapacity occurs where the patient is unable to comprehend and retain information material to the decision, or the patient is unable to weigh up the information as part of the process of an informed decision (Nys, et al. 2004). In the case of covert administration to an adult there would be a need to demonstrate that the patient is inca pable. The nurse should be able to justify the techniques of administration were in the patients best interests, and the crushing of tablets, for example, was safe. In practice this should be a multi-disciplinary team decision. The covert administration of medication observed on placement was one reason I have chosen to explore the literature, and examine any methods used that may be applied to adults who are non-concordant with anti-psychotic medication. Competent or non-competent? Levenson (2003), interviewed patients with Parkinson’s disease, and their views are quoted here for two reasons. Firstly health care professionals may tend to view patients with Parkinson’s disease in a similar manner to those with a mental illness, i. e. not competent to self-administer medication. Secondly the benefits of helping patients maximize control over their own medication are so apparent, and might well be applied to patients with other illnesses. The issue of balancing the benefits of medication against very significant unwanted effects was a major concern to interviewees. The patients had in common an understanding of the symptoms of the disease, and how their medication, particularly the timing, affected their symptoms. It was clear in one case; the doctor really listened to the needs of the patient, adjusting dosages and times accordingly. Another patient was able to use a dosset box with electronic timer as a memory aid. Some patients experienced difficulties retaining control of their medication when admitted to hospital. They found the timing of the drug rounds did not suit them. This undermined their efforts to comply with the medication. This aspect of medication administration appears to lend weight to the instrumental passivity hypothesis (Baltes and Skinner 1983, quoted in Faulkner, 2002) The argument is that hospitals and nursing homes reinforce dependent behaviour by supporting and encouraging them. The primary ethical strategy Fau lkner advocates is for staff to focus on reinforcing independent behaviour. Forms of self-medication come into this category. Melanie Baker (2003) described a scenario involving a 47 year old man suffering from bipolar affective disorder. His case typifies the interplay between physical and psychiatric health, and the patient poorly concordant with medication. Among his numerous significant medical conditions were angina, and a myocardial infarction. He also had diabetes mellitus and developed diabetic neuropathy, which was treated with carbamazepine. His mental state was coincidentally improved with the introduction of carbamazepine, but after 18 months of stability, he took an overdose, resulting in the prescription withdrawn. Prior to the 18 month period stability, the patient had a long history of decline. Psychotropic medication and his unstable angina may relate to poor adherence with cardiac medications. He was more amenable to cardiac treatment when mentally well. The consultant and Multi-disciplinary team felt that when he was mentally stable, his physical health improved in parallel, possibly due to improved compliance with both medication and lifestyle advice. He appeared to view psychiatric care as stigmatizing, contributing to poor compliance. Treatment for diabetic neuropathy was perceived as less stigmatizing. The importance of tailoring medication to each individual is highlighted in this case, as the accidental overdose of Carbamazepine led to a serious long-term deterioration. Schizophrenia in comparison with asthma and epilepsy Marland and Cash (2005) have found that the belief that non-compliance is a direct result of disease processes in schizophrenia dominates the clinical perception of non-compliance for these patients. One explanation given, was likened to a negative feedback, where a patient who stays off medication, perhaps out of a delusional feeling (â€Å"my doctor is poisoning me†), for a time feels well, which ma y have the effect of strengthening the delusion. They also demonstrated that although patient attitudes to medication change over time, the process of change is rarely well documented on an individual basis. The study objective was to compare the medicine taking decisions in people with schizophrenia to those of people with asthma and epilepsy, also both enduring, episodic illnesses. They concluded that for people taking antipsychotics, relapse was socially disadvantaging and unwelcome, particularly if it resulted in readmission to hospital. They confirm that the association between stopping medication and hospital readmission is learned eventually by many people on anti-psychotics. Interestingly people from all three diagnostic groups seemed prepared to experiment with timing and amounts of medication when well presumably as the fear of illness subsides. Patients for whom the consequences of altering medicine regimes were delayed or relatively mild were more likely to experim ent than those who experimented with medication leading to rapid or severe symptoms. Hence there was a learned ability to balance symptoms and medication side effects to achieve an optimum quality of life, whilst living with a fear of relapse. Fear of dependence was also a strong motivator for some, and exceptionally leads to complete cessation of medicine taking for long periods, even leading to frequent or severe symptoms. They conclude by confirming interventions useful in promoting therapeutic interactions with medicine in physical illness should also be appropriate in schizophrenia. They found it important to ascertain the individual’s level of understanding and insight, of the illness, medication and side effects. Negotiating medication Carder, et al. (2003) were concerned with how adults with illnesses characterized by repeated flare-ups, or instability, resulting in temporary inability to manage tasks of daily living, negotiated their medication needs. They incl uded sufferers of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosis, along with those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They described how these individuals with chronic illnesses made on-going negotiations with health-care practitioners, balancing health and illness with a preservation of self-identity. Many of those interviewed described on-going efforts to find the right medication or combination of medications. In addition, a third of participants described the use of alternative medications, such as vitamins, Chinese herbal tablets, and naturopathic remedies. It was found the necessity of taking daily medication did not always square with the individuals self-identity (â€Å"I am not ill†), so adaptation was stressed. The psychotic individual can often be fixed in their thinking, however, or for some, their illness appeared to have ended. Others described an aversion to feeling dependent on drugs, or perceived themselves subject to t heir prescriber’s ‘experimentation’. Some researchers describe resistance to medication as an initial stage (Gray, et al. 2002), but these participants described an on-going and periodic resistance to taking medication. Some described withholding accurate accounts of their symptoms, fearing an increase in dosage or a change in medication. One woman, at first appeared concordant, but described the emotion as one of â€Å"surrender†, a process of â€Å"going with the flow†, rather than fighting the illness and feeling resigned to whatever medication was prescribed. In the conclusion (Carder, et al. 2003), it was acknowledged medication remains the paramount way to manage chronic illness. For those who are asymptomatic while on medication, the medication is the only indicator of illness, and non- concordant individuals are sometimes led to question the need for medication, the diagnosis, or the reliability of the health-care team. The emphasis of this study was how healthcare practitioners must guide people through negotiations, identifying different choices, how best to self-regulate, and the effect that symptoms, side effects, and medication have on the body and on self-identity. A useful exploratory study confirming the findings of Carder, et al. was carried out by Hostick and Newell, (2004). They wished to determine the reasons service users discontinue community mental health-care. Although the presenting problems of respondents could not generally be classified as serious mental illness, the findings were significant. The study began on the premise that users would stop attending for two main reasons, either they had improved, or they were dissatisfied with the service. Few users cited improvement as the reason for non-completion. Many users expressed dissatisfaction about the lack of service flexibility, but could also be linked to practical difficulties or accessibility. The theme therefore continues for the need for a flexible, patient centered approach. Antipsychotics- Hobson’s choice? Hughes, et al. 1997) begins by describing what has become the standard medication regime for schizophrenia sufferers in the community, that is, the depot injection, administered intramuscularly on a regular basis at home, or at a community mental health centre. Depot injections are a dosage form of the anti-psychotic, allowing the drug to be released slowly into the bloodstream over a period of 1-5 weeks. For patients treated in the community, where good compliance with oral treatment cannot be guaranteed, depot anti-psychotics potentially provide a practical solution. However while having a monthly or fortnightly injection may be for some, less problematic than following an oral medication regime, good compliance is not guaranteed. Healy (2002) noted that far from blaming the medication, there was a tendency among mental health personnel to see the compliance issue in terms of patient unreliabili ty or lack of insight. In effect however, the depot removes control from the user, and even the administering nurses, since it is immediately obvious to service managers when someone stops receiving their depot injection. In addition to the unwanted side effects of anti-psychotic medication, there are the potential problems of intra-muscular injections to consider, and whilst good practice should minimize these, subcutaneous fat in adults in the dorso-gluteal area (site of choice for many UK nurses) varies from 1cm to 9cm. If injected into this layer, absorption of the drug will be adversely affected, and the tissue may become irritated. This occurs in up to 15% of patients (Greenway, 2004), and the threat of injury also remains significant to the sciatic nerve, and superior gluteal artery, which lie only a few centimeters from the optimum site. The suggestion was made by Hughes, et al. (1997) that it may not be the presence of unwanted side effects themselves, but rather how these side effects are regarded by the patient, that is in determining compliance. The physical discomfort of side effects may be less important in influencing compliance than the meaning patients attach to these side effects, for example, a movement side effect (tremor) is taken as the beginning of multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease. In this way, compliance may be improved simply by allowing patients to voice fears and concerns about side ffects. Hughes, et al. (1997) draws attention to another explanation for poor compliance in the hypo-manic or psychotic individual. Some sufferers enjoy the sense of euphoria that can characterize hypo-manic episodes. Similar problems have been experienced with patients with a history of recreational drug use. One likened his psychotic experiences to â€Å"tripping†. Education the patient’s view Carder, et al. (2003) found that even without structured efforts on the part of clinicians to inform patients about medicati on, education played an important role in their decision making. Of note in the context of this review, was the response of persons diagnosed with depression, who, in common with those suffering psychoses, are poorly motivated. They found these persons go through an extensive interpretive process that includes understanding the condition and its causes, the reality of medication side effects, and negotiating with healthcare practitioners. The view of one perplexed woman with bipolar disorder reflected the experience of many. â€Å"Some of the psychiatrists would hand you five or six different medications at once. I mean, how do you know which one’s working, or what’s not working. It took a while before I found a psychiatrist who sat and listened â€Å". The suggestion is made of using motivational interviewing techniques to weigh up identified positive and negative aspects of psychotic symptoms. For this reason, some clinicians have concentrated on schizophreni cs with relatively higher levels of negative symptoms. Hughes, (2004) describes how recent self-management approaches have produced better outcomes in these patient groups. Self-management programmes aim to encourage, or coach, patients, by supporting and influencing health behaviour and increasing knowledge of specific aspects of care, for example, pain and symptom control, or medication side effects. Nurses are well placed to offer holistic support to patients becoming more independent, but issues surrounding power and control in the nurse-patient relationship must be acknowledged in this process. The health belief model has been used to help patients perceive the benefits of following the recommended treatment regimen. Four factors identified as influencing patients were; the benefits of the treatment, susceptibility to relapse, the severity of the symptoms, and the cost in effort and pain from side effects. It was recommended health care practitioners not neglect the †˜secondary’ benefits of the medication, i. e. feeling calmer, sleeping better, easier socializing, and improved concentration, when seeking the views of patients , it was correctly predicted the secondary benefits of the medication would be valued as often as the main benefit of improving positive and negative symptoms. 5% of patient identified the main benefit, but 70% noted the secondary benefits (for example; â€Å"it allows me to make friends†) and these were found to be more strongly associated with medication compliance than the primary benefits. Zygmunt, et al. (2002) was not so favorable to the health belief model. They felt the rational assumptions and broad generalizations implicit in it were not helpful in predicting concordance. This may reflect a more recent shift towards motivational interviewing and its development into compliance therapy. Psychosocial treatment interventions Zygmunt, et al. (2002) carried out a study of psychosocial interventions ta ilored for psychoses. Adherence to medication and outpatient appointments has become crucial for positive outcome during maintenance treatment. No one specific intervention demonstrated significant advantages in improving adherence; however, the small sample size may have been a factor. It was felt that both patients and their families need a more active role and greater self-responsibility. They found the greatest benefit of the six interventions studied, most evident during the first six months of treatment. The most prominent conclusion reached however, was that psycho-education alone had no effect on patient compliance, but felt this finding did not negate the need for further education and implementation of structured treatment programmes Psycho-educational interventions focused primarily on dissemination of information about the illness, medication and treatment, group therapy was based on the evidence of peer support and shared problems. Family interventions derived from a belief in the family as a critical influence on the course of a member’s illness. Community programs typically . involved a complex variety of supportive and rehabilitation services delivered without a choice. Cognitive treatment targets patient’s attitudes and belief toward medication. An assumption is made that adherence is a coping behaviour, heavily determined by each person’s own interpretation of his illness and medication regime. Behavioural modification techniques assumed that behaviours are acquired through learning and conditioning, and can be modified through rewards and punishment, reinforcement, and the promotion of self-management. Behavioural strategies worthy of note include providing selected patients with detailed medication instructions, reminders, self-monitoring tools, cues and reinforcements. In another instance, the therapist used assertiveness training techniques to teach patients to negotiate with their prescribers more effectivel y. An important conclusion about this study was that of the many interventions in practice, most were viewed as too complex, and multifaceted, and hence difficult to identify exactly what contributed to individual successes or failures. Interventions addressing medication non-adherence specifically, were found to work better than those covering a wider range of problem areas. One recommendation noted from this study, was the monitoring of patients with a history of non-adherence involving any medication prescribed for physical, not simply psychotic illness, and the authors opted for a definition of non-adherence as a complete cessation of medication for at least one week, as opposed to dosage deviations. Compliance therapy Kemp, et al. 1996), sought to determine if compliance therapy could improve compliance with treatment and hence social adjustment, and if the effects persisted six months later. 25 patients received compliance therapy and showed significant improvement in their attitude to drug treatment in comparison to a similar control group. Individuals were assigned to the two groups on a random basis. The 4 -6 counseling sessions lasted between 10 and 60 minutes. The following issues were addressed, eliciting the patient’s stance towards treatment, exploring ambivalence to treatment, and a treatment maintenance plan. The patient is first encouraged to review their recent past, identify likely barriers to treatment adherence, and describe any negative outcomes experienced. Secondly, the patient is encouraged to systematically choose possible alternative strategies to their antipsychotic medication. There is an emphasis on â€Å"normalizing† the experiences, for example, â€Å"in extreme situations hallucinations can occur to anyone†, and if requested, provide more information about treatment options. Thirdly, the patient’s freedom to choose whether to maintain treatment is emphasized, and parallels drawn with conditi ons such as diabetes, where regular insulin injections may be required. The object is to lessen any perceived stigma. The patient is encouraged to look ahead, set goals, examine what they find personally important, and the emphasis is on how not taking medication could affect the outcome of their goals. Finally, the therapist acknowledges, and empathizes, with the costs associated with any course of action, including the desired outcome of concordance with treatment. The control group received a similar number of timed sessions, but the sessions had no discussion of treatment, and were less structured. By rating compliance using a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 being fully compliant, and with an added interest in the medication, the authors were able to demonstrate a 23% improvement over six months. There are problems associated with measuring patient compliance, common techniques such as urine tests may overestimate compliance when drugs have a long half-life. Blood serum tests, when a vailable, are invasive, and of limited value in assessing partial compliance. Pill counts are widely considered a useful indicator, but potential exists for inaccuracy or deception, with no guarantee the patient ingested the tablets. A similar problem exists for electronically tagged dosset boxes. The study noted the high human and social costs of relapse, or persisting symptoms, and felt any proved means of counteracting non-compliance had important managerial implications. Kemp, et al. (1998) carried out a further investigation of the original trial, extending the number of participants, and including an 18 month follow-up. An effort was made to measure not only compliance, but also insight, attitudes, and a functional assessment. There were comparatively few participants dropping out, 11 over 18 months, or less than 10%. Results indicated a definite advantage for those who received compliance therapy. Relatively poor results with first admission patients could have been rel ated to acuteness of illness onset, lack of previous experience with antipsychotic effectiveness, or perhaps denial. Overall, the work supported the premise that poor compliance was associated with more severe drug side-effects. A recent study in Dublin (O Donnell, et al. 003), using the same basic techniques, failed to replicate the previous findings, and found no advantage over non-specific therapy in terms of patient adherence. Then again, in common with the earlier studies, there were fewer than 100 participants; therefore the possibility of false negatives remained. They did confirm that patient attitudes change over time, and were a useful predictor of future compliance. Despite the name, compliance therapy fits with a concordance model, involving patients in each decision making phase, with no coercion, implied or explicit, to obey professional opinion. Conclusion and Recommendations All of the papers reviewed agreed that ignorance about medication was common. Frequently, antipsychotic treatment had not been fully explained to patients or their families, where appropriate. The individual needs to be fully informed about the effects of the prescribed medication, there is no justification for withholding knowledge about adverse effects or poor prognosis, this would be paternalistic and unethical. The aim of the treatment should be made as clear as humanly possible, and alternatives clearly presented. Such patient empowerment enables genuine participation, reduces fear, facilitates informed consent, and gives the closest opportunity for concordance. Although by definition, the primary responsibility lies with the consultant, as part of a multi-disciplinary team, nurses on ward level, in primary care, or in the community, are well placed to facilitate evidence-based treatment regimens. The most promising recent development has been â€Å"compliance therapy†. Three of the papers discussed sought to quantify its potential. O’ Donnell et al (2003) gave a conflicting view, but most authors mention it as promising. It is recommended here that further application of its principles, in a local setting, be attempted. As an aid to an admitting nurse, or during a care plan review, a simple evaluation tool be devised, a questionnaire, to address past concordance issues, an area we noted was often overlooked, with the principle of future self-management the goal. If possible, such a tool could be applied on a rehabilitation ward or acute setting. Other considerations that should be studied are: ethical issues, staff education, and through multidisciplinary evaluation. Finally, although in this review evidence has been highlighted from a patient perspective, of the considerable debilitating side effects of antipsychotic medication, it is not the aim to argue here that it has no role in helping to relieve the suffering of patients with psychotic symptoms. There does remain considerable scope for discussion of implementing informed choice for the mentally ill individual, and multidisciplinary cooperation in how to best inform them. References Baker, M. (2003) The coincidental treatment of a major mood disorder Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, accessed from www. rogressnp. com Carder, P. C. Vuckovic, N. and Green, C. A. (2003) Negotiating Medications: Patient perceptions of long term medication use Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 28, 409- 417 Faulkner, M. (2002) Instrumental passivity: A behavioural theory of dependence Nursing Older People 14(2) 20- 22 Gray, R. Wykes, T. and Gournay, K. (2002) From compliance to concordance: a review of the literature on interventions to enhance compliance with anti-psychotic medication Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health 9, 277- 284 Greenway, K. 2004) Using the ventrogluteal site for intramuscular injections Nursing Standard 18 (25) 39- 42 Griffith, R. Griffiths, H. and Jordan, S. (2003) Administration of medicines part one: the law and nursin g Nursing Standard 18 (2) 47- 53 Healy, D. (2002) Psychiatric Drugs Explained (3rd Edition) London, Churchill Livingstone Hostick, T. and Newell, R. (2004) Concordance with community health appointments: service users’ reasons for discontinuation Journal of Clinical Nursing 13 (7) 895- 910 Hughes, I. Hill, B. and Budd, R. 1997) Compliance with anti-psychotic medication: from theory to practice Journal of Mental Health 6 (5) 473- 489 Hughes, S. A. (2004) Promoting self-management and patient independence Nursing Standard 19 (10) 47- 52 Kemp, R. Hayward, P. Applewhaite, G. Everitt, B. and David, A. (1996) Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: randomized controlled trial British Medical Journal 312, 345-349 Kemp, R. Kirov, G. Everitt, B. Hayward, P. and David, A. (1998) Randomised controlled trial of compliance therapy: 18 month follow-up British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 413- 419 Levenson, R. 2003) Compliance in medicine taking- seeking the views of patients London, Depart ment of Health, Medicines Partnership Marland, G. R. Cash, K. (2005) Medicine taking decisions: schizophrenia in comparison to asthma and epilepsy Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 12, 163- 172 Nys, H. Welie, S. Garanis-Papadatos, T. and Ploumpidis, D. (2004) Patient capacity in mental healthcare: legal overview Health Care Analysis 12 (4) 329- 337 O’Donnell, C. Donohoe, G. Sharkey, L. Owens, N. Migone, M. Harries, R. Kinsella, A. Larkin, C. and O’Callaghan, E. 2003) Compliance therapy: a randomized controlled trial in schizophrenia British Medical Journal 327, 834- 842 Repper, J. and Perkins, R. (1998) Different but normal: language, labels, and professional mental health practice Mental Health Care 2 90- 93 Rogers, R. (1975) A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and change Journal of Psychology 91, 93 Wright, D. (2002) Medication administration in nursing homes Nursing Standard 16 (42) 33- 38 Zygmunt, A. Olfson, M. Boye, R. C. and Mechanic, D . (2002) Interventions to improve medication adherence in schizophrenia American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (10) 1653- 1664 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Improving Medication Concordance in Mental Health" essay for you Create order

Using the Advanced Document Writing Software to Provide Powerful Narrative Essay Samples in PDF Format

<h1>Using the Advanced Document Writing Software to Provide Powerful Narrative Essay Samples in PDF Format</h1><p>With all the prominence of the online distribution Think and Grow Rich, more perusers are exploiting the progressed and simple to get to data they give through their articles. This deluge of perusers, which beforehand may have been disregarded, is presently bringing about article promoting for their sites, which cause them to give off an impression of being a genuine asset, while before they were increasingly similar to unreliable 'masters' or only a fascinating wellspring of data. The article promoting that you should learn and actualize is to utilize the propelled article composing programming on your webpage to give you some 10+ valuable story paper tests in PDF position that you can either put on your site as complimentary gifts or use for your printed materials.</p><p></p><p>These are astonishing, very much idea out and amazi ngly supportive 'account expositions' that will furnish you with all the fundamental data you need about a topic and make you resemble an ace. You don't need to bring them all down in such a case that you part with them, you won't sell any books, and that is only not in the book business, correct? I will disclose how to do it and tell you the best way to compose the best ones possible.</p><p></p><p>First you have to select a subject for your initial ten or so articles on that article registry you use to advertise your site. Pick a subject that has potential and enthusiasm for the peruser and gives them something to consider. There are various theme classifications accessible and there are straightforward inquiries that will permit you to work admirably of promoting and selling it. You will likewise have the option to alter every subject with a lot of data about it so you can concentrate on its more alluring pieces so you can build your marketability.</p> ;<p></p><p>Another great alternative is to purchase a layout that has questions and replies on a similar point or watchword that you are expounding on. For instance, in the event that you need to sell building affinity with relatives, at that point discover a layout that has article subjects on speaking with relatives. Make a second or third section with subheadings about the relationship you need to work among you and your customers, your best customer relations tips, and family gives that you feel will be gainful for the relationship.</p><p></p><p>Your objective here is to build up yourself as a specialist on your topic. By giving important data to your peruser, which is pertinent to the title and subheadings you have given them, you will build the apparent estimation of your data. In addition to the fact that this helps you make a deal, yet additionally drives them back to your site as a result of the validity you are showing. You need to get the trust of the peruser before they are in any event, perusing your principle content.</p><p></p><p>In request to do this adequately, you will need to remember a connection for the asset box to your digital book. Ensure it's something that will go straightforwardly to your site since that will furnish you with the advantage of SEO. In the event that your perusers to visit your site, they will see your item in a way that is far more convincing than tapping on another connection. They will feel constrained to visit your site again and get more data, consequently you can make an offer that is far more alluring than only a visit to your website.</p><p></p><p>Now that you find out about the utilization of the propelled report composing programming, recollect that the utilization of the propelled highlights permit you to make and distribute excellent 10+ gainful story article tests in PDF position. Try not to let that site, paper, maga zine, or article advertising opportunity go to squander by not taking advantage of it!</p>

FTCE Middle Grades English Essay Samples - Learn How to Write Your College Essay

<h1>FTCE Middle Grades English Essay Samples - Learn How to Write Your College Essay</h1><p>So, you are searching for ways on the most proficient method to compose your FTCE center evaluations English paper? You can discover a few different ways to compose your article. You can essentially utilize the typical techniques or you can add to your standard article approaches to help your composition.</p><p></p><p>You can simply utilize your book on composing an exposition. You can take this book from a book shop and simply compose what you need to in it. You can likewise purchase this book on the web or from a bookshop on the web and get it at entirely sensible prices.</p><p></p><p>You can likewise join an online author's locale. This is another strategy that you can use to learn. You can join the networks of several other writers.</p><p></p><p>You can approach some assistance from them for composing exposition tests. You can likewise approach them for test papers that you can submit to different universities or your secondary school. On the off chance that you are applying to school you can even present your article tests to certain colleges.</p><p></p><p>You can likewise search for online exposition scholars. They will assist you with your task. You can approach them for a free example exposition or on the off chance that you need to pay you can even get some paid samples.</p><p></p><p>All of these are methods for getting on the web articles for you. You should simply take a seat at your PC and simply type a few sentences. When you get the chance to do this then you will figure out how to compose essays.</p><p></p><p>The free examples of online expositions are truly bravo. You can likewise get some paid examples yet these are over the top expensive. You can even discover free examples in the web however t hat isn't equivalent to getting paid samples.</p><p></p><p>To get your free examples from any of these spots you need to pay. Paid examples will as a rule be more costly than free examples. On the off chance that you truly would prefer not to pay anything to assist you with composing your article then I propose that you search for nothing samples.</p>

How To Write An Essay With A Subject/Essay Map Approach

How To Write An Essay With A Subject/Essay Map ApproachAn essay map is a form of essay outline, usually designed to be a guide to help the writer find their way through the subject/essay. The written-out essay map is more likely to be used as a guide rather than a 'rule book' which are composed of specifics about every topic and question that must be answered for the student to be successful. The reason that this approach is usually helpful for writing an expositor is that it gives the reader some guidance but does not require a detailed explanation of every topic or problem.Often the student will come to a point in the course where they are ready to provide a general overview about the general topics they are covering. If the writer follows the directions provided by the outline then he or she is more likely to be able to write a cohesive essay without having to deal with an overwhelming amount of information.The subject/ essay map approach is usually helpful for writing an exposito r because it often takes away a large amount of the guesswork associated with finding an answer to a specific question. This is a big benefit for students who already have a lot of information to deal with, as they can concentrate on the part of the essay that needs to be answered rather than reading through a broad outline that leads nowhere.When you are taking an English course, one of the best ways to learn about the topic at hand is to read the other papers being presented. The best essays will have excellent examples from other students and even in some cases the authors themselves; the more references and examples that are present in the written-out essay, the more likely it is that the reader will be able to find his or her way through the subject/essay.Writing assignments are usually given to the student during lecture. If the assignment is based around a very specific question, it will usually take the form of a real-life scenario. These examples can be used as a means of l earning about the author's experience and therefore as a starting point for students who are interested in writing an expositor.When writing an expositor, the essay map is generally the best form of assistance for writing an expositor because the professor will provide his or her own ideas for the material in the class. In this case, the written-out outline is also helpful because it includes an explanation of how to complete the assignment in question.The essay map is usually helpful for writing an expressor because the professor will provide his or her own ideas for the material in the class. In this case, the written-out outline is also helpful because it includes an explanation of how to complete the assignment in question.When writing an expositor, the essay map is generally the best form of assistance for writing an expressor because the professor will provide his or her own ideas for the material in the class. In this case, the written-out outline is also helpful because it i ncludes an explanation of how to complete the assignment in question.

Essay Writing Tips - How to Write an Essay That is Correct

Essay Writing Tips - How to Write an Essay That is CorrectWriting an essay is very important as it prepares the student for the admission test. However, the process can be a bit difficult if the essay is poorly written. Some of the things that can affect the quality of the essay are: grammar, clarity, and punctuation. It is very important to make sure that the essay is written very well, especially when you are working on a deadline.Good essay writers try to make their essays even better. This is why they try to find out the reason why the student wrote the essay in the first place. This will help them avoid the common mistakes that students make when writing an essay.The best way to write an essay is to make sure that all of the information about the topic is well-documented and the data presented is accurate. If you do not do this, you will risk wasting time on the document and not getting as many points as you should.The first thing that you need to do is to determine the topic of the essay. This will help you know what the essay should be about and whether it needs to be in a specific category or not.The next thing that you need to do is to write the title of the essay, especially if you are using an author's name. This can be done by typing in the name of the author along with a hyphen or space. You should also make sure that the essay will not have more than 100 words in it.Remember that you need to have a particular style while writing the essay. You should make sure that you have an interesting topic that has enough information so that the reader will be interested in reading the essay. For this, you should use interesting examples which can be found online. If you have enough material, then you can add pictures, charts, and graphs to give the essay a visual aspect.The most important thing that you should do is to have the proper tone of voice. The essay should be conversational and should have a conversational tone throughout.

The Inequality Between Gender Roles - 1280 Words

At a very young age our beliefs start developing and our values become more and more important. Those experiences that we face during our childhood shape us up to be who we are today. Family, culture, and friends influence these beliefs constantly because they are who we look up to for moral support. However, the way we perceive the world doesn’t stop once we become â€Å"adults†, we all continue to grow and learn from our mistakes and experiences. It is fascinating to see how we evolve over time and how we manage to strongly standby what we belief no matter the circumstances. At a young age I began to recognize the roles between male and female figures in a household. These traditional roles I was familiar with were not satisfying, but†¦show more content†¦Families are also expected to have many kids, thus having the mom stay home, as well as the father having total authority of the household. My father was very favored of my brother because I suppose he wante d him to grow up just like him; a hardworking man. Just as any other father, everyone wants their young boy to grow up to be a very successful man. I understood that, however my mother always had me inside cleaning, getting dinner ready, taking care of the baby, making sure rooms were always clean which overtime I began to grow tire of. In the short story â€Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro she describes the narrators life as a â€Å"hot dark kitchen† (141), a place the narrator tries to avoid working in, something that I can relate to. The young girl in the story wanted something different in her life, something more exciting that would not only better her life but would also expand her fathers’ relationship. As I stared to get older I began to argue on why my brother would not clean or wash the dishes. I thought it was unfair of me to always wash dishes while he sat and watched TV, she always answered; â€Å"he is a boy, he doesn’t know†. That s till goes on today! It has come to the point where he just assumes I would do the dishes whenever is needed, and if I don’t do them then I get in trouble. Well that was the last draw, that’s where I began to try other things and fight for equality in my house. My

Should Capital Punishment to Be Abolished or Not free essay sample

This is a famous quote that many people cite when they pitch for the abolishment of capital punishment (death penalty) from the judicial process. The lengthy list of the terms which are not quite acceptable in a democracy begins with terms like capital punishment and death penalty. That, however, doesnt mean that this form of punishment is not acceptable in a democracy. In fact, two of the largest democracies in the world India and the United States of America, both have the provision for capital punishment as a part of their legal system. Indeed, the decision that capital punishment may be the appropriate sanction in extreme cases is an expression of the communitys belief that certain crimes are themselves so grievous an affront to humanity that the only adequate response may be the penalty of death. Capital punishment is a barbarous survival from a less enlightened and refined age; it is incongruous and incompatible with our present standard of civilization and humanity. It has been abolished by many states and countries, and we must look forward to the day when the other governments will follow suit Capital punishment, also known as Death penalty, is essentially the execution of an individual as punishment for offense by a state. The crimes which can lead to capital punishment are called capital crimes or capital offenses. Earlier, the killing of criminals and political opponents was prevalent in almost every civilization. With the time, nearly all European and several Pacific Area states (counting Australia, New Zealand and Timor Leste), and Canada have abolished death penalty. The majority of states in Latin America have absolutely abolished capital punishment, however, a few countries, like Brazil, use death penalty only in special situations, for example, treachery committed during wartime. There are still quite a few states and countries that retain the use of capital punishment, including the United States (the federal government and 36 of its states), Guatemala, majority of the Caribbean, Japan, India, and Africa (Botswana and Zambia). In almost all retentionist countries, capital punishment is granted as a penalty for planned murder, espionage, treachery, or as part of military justice. Recently, the case of Mohammad Afzal, a terrorist who was found guilty of instigating the attack on the Indian Parliament House, has cropped up the controversy regarding the Indian law of capital punishment. Right to Life Capital Punishment in India In India, capital punishment is granted for different crimes, counting murder, initiating a child’s suicide, instigating war against the government, acts of terrorism, or a second evidence for drug trafficking. Death penalty is officially permitted though it is to be used in the ‘rarest of rare’ cases as per the judgement of Supreme Court of India. Amongst the retentionist countries around the world, India has the lowest execution rate with just 55 people executed since independence in 1947. Since the condition of the ‘rarest of rare’ is not exactly defined, sometimes even less horrific murders have been awarded capital punishment owing to poor justification by lawyers. Since 1992, there are about 40 mercy petitions pending before the president. The proposals for abolition of death sentence for petty offences was brought about but there was a lot of hue and cry from lawyers , judges and parliamentarians and the so called protectors of social order. Six times the House of Commons passed the bill and six times the House of Lords rejected the same. With the passage of time, the voice for abolition of death penalty grew stronger over the world especially in Britain. However, in spite of opposition, the bill was passed and the number of cases in which capital punishment was awarded was reduced year after year and death penalty was reserved for offences like murder and treason. Currently, in the world 133 countries have abolished capital punishment dejure or defacto. 64 countries have retained it. Bangladesh is one of them. (source: Amnesty International Website) In UK , death penalty was abolished in 1965 except for offences of treason and certain forms of piracy and offences committed by members of the Armed Forces during wartime. In India , the recent trend is clearly towards the abolition of death sentence. Before the amendment of Criminal Procedure Code in 1955, it was obligatory for a court to give reasons for not awarding death sentence in case of murder. Under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, the court has to record reasons for awarding death sentence. A compassionate alternative of life imprisonment is gaining judicial ground in India . In a leading case of Bachan Sing v. State of Punjab(1980) 2 SCC 684,the Supreme Court held by a majority of four to one that the provisions of death sentence as an alternative punishment for murder in section 302 of Penal Code was not unreasonable and was in the public interest. The dissenting view of Justice Bhagwati was that instead of death sentence, the sentence of life imprisonment should be imposed. He put emphasis on barbarity and cruelty involved in death sentence. It is irrevocable and cannot be recalled. It extinguishes the flame of life for ever. It is destructive of the right to life which is the most precious right of all, a right without which enjoyment of no other right is possible. Justice Bhagwati rejects the view that death penalty acts as a deterrent against potential murderers. According to him, this view is a myth which has been carefully nurtured by a society which is actuated not so much by logic or reason as by a sense of retribution. Conclusion It has been pledged in the preamble of the republics constitution that equality and justice will be secured for all citizens. The liberation heroes had dedicated their lives with a view to establishing a welfare state in which fundamental human rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the human person shall be guaranteed. Protection against cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment is a fundamental right under art. 35 (4) of the constitution. So time has come to reconsider death sentence as a means of punishment. The worlds trend is precisely towards the correction of the offenders in lieu of inflicting cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. Bangladesh as a democratic country cannot lag behind. The state is undergoing cumulative increase of crimes owing to a great deal of factors such as lack of good governance, absence of rule of law, corruption, patronisation of terrorists, wide gap between the haves and have-nots, confrontational politics and so on. Instead of giving emphasis on removing these factors, we are wrongly attempting to check crimes by inflicting exemplary punishment. What is a rarest of rare case? In the Bachan Singh judgment of 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty should be used only in the rarest of rare cases. More than a quarter of a century later, it is clear that through the failure of the courts and the State authorities to apply consistently the procedures laid down by law and by that judgment, the Courts strictures remain unfulfilled. In a judgment delivered in December 2006, a Supreme Court bench admitted the Courts failure to evolve a sentencing policy in capital cases (Aloke Nath Dutta and ors. . State of West Bengal (MANU/SC/8774/2006)). The bench examined judgments over the past two decades in which the Supreme Court adjudicated upon whether a case was one of the rarest of the rare or not and concluded: What would constitute a rarest of rare case must be determined in the fact situation obtaining in each case [sic]. We have also noticed hereinbefore that different criteria have been adopted by different benches of th is Court, although the offences are similar in nature. Because the case involved offences under the same provision, the same by itself may not be a ground to lay down any uniform criteria for awarding a death penalty or a lesser penalty as several factors therefore are required to be taken into consideration. The frustration of the Court was evident when it stated: No sentencing policy in clear cut terms has been evolved by the Supreme Court. What should we do? In that particular ruling, the Court commuted the appellants death sentence. On the same day, however, another bench of the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence imposed on an appellant who had convicted of murdering his wife and four children (Bablu @ Mubarik Hussain v. State of Rajasthan (AIR 2007 SC 697)). After referring to the importance of reformation and rehabilitation of offenders as among the foremost objectives of the administration of criminal justice in the country, the judgment merely referred to the appellants declaration of the murders as evidence of his lack of remorse. There was no discussion of the specific situation of the appellant, the motive for the killings or the possibility of reform in his case. Death Penalty Statistics A look at the death penalty statistics of the world reveals that around 90 percent of the countries have already abolished the death penalty. These countries include Portugal, Venezuela, France, Canada, etc. This, however, hasnt turned out to be as fruitful as expected, because some of the major countries in the world, including China, India and the United States, still ontinue the use of death penalty execution as a part of their legal system. Statistics also reveal that approximately 80 percent of the death penalty executions the world over, come from the Asian countries, with China at the forefront with the highest execution rate in the world. In fact, the number of executions in China alone in 2008 was double the number of executions in the rest of the world combined for that year. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF DEATH PENALTY IN INDIA Imposing of death sentence is one thing that always gets more attention to be discussed, including from the view of constitutional validity in each countries. A serious discussion regarding to death sentence in Indonesia, whether it should be continued or abolished, has come up before the Court after some applicant applied a petition to Indonesian Constitutional Court in order to challenge the constitutionality of death penalty in Drugs and Narcotic Act against the provision of Rights to Life on Indonesian Constitution, 1945. This article is the first chapter of several other chapters with the topic of â€Å"death penalty† which will be flattened on the following days. *** The provision of death penalty as an alternative punishment for murder under s. 302, IPC[1] was challenged as constitutionally invalid being violate of Arts. 14,[2] 19[3] and 21[4] of the Constitution in a series of cases. It was contended in Jagmohan Singh v. State of U. P. [5] that the constitutional validity of death sentence has to be tested with reference to Arts. 14 and 19 besides Art. 1 of the Constitution as the right to life is fundamental to the enjoyment of all these freedoms as contained in Art. 19 of the Constitution. It was further contended that the Code of Criminal Procedure prescribed the procedure of finding guilt of an accused but regarding the sentence to be awarded under s. 302, IPC the unguided and uncontrolled discretion has been left to the Judge to decide the sentence to be awarded. If the impact of the law on nay of the rights under Art. 19(1) is merely incidental, indirect, remote or collateral, Art. 19 would not be available for testing its validity. Accordingly, the court held that s. 302, IPC for its validity would not require to qualify the test of Art. 19. The procedure provided in the Code of Criminal Procedure for imposing capital punishment for murder cannot be said to be unfair, unreasonable and unjust. But Justice Bhagwati in his dissenting judgment held that s. 302, IPC and s. 354(3), Cr PC violation of Arts. 4 and 21 as these provisions confers unguided power on the court which irrational and arbitrary. Thus, death sentence should be imposed in the rarest of the rare case. The Supreme Court in Machhi Sing v State of Punjab[8] laid down the broad outlines of the circumstances when death sentence should be imposed. It should be considered whether there is something uncommon about the crime and the compelling circumstances for imposing death sentence after giving maximum weight age of the mitigating circumstances which is favour of the accused. Jumman Kahn was facing the gallows on being sentenced to death for having brutally raped and strangulated to death a six year old girl named Sakina. The convict challenged the death sentence and its constitutionality. [9] It was argued that death penalty is not only outmoded, unreasonable, cruel and unusual punishment but also defies the dignity of the individual and the issue needs reconsideration which stands like sentinel over human misery, degradation and oppression. The Supreme Court while endorsing its earlier view as to the constitutionality of death sentence held that the failure to impose death sentence is such grave cases here it is a crime against the society, particularly in case of murders with extreme brutality will bring to naught the sentence of death penalty provided by s. 302 of IPC. The only punishment which the convict deserves for having committed the reprehensible and gruesome murder of the innocent child to satisfy his lust is nothing but death as a measure of social necessity and also a means of deterring other potential offenders. The Supreme Court in earlier case Banchan Singh v. State Punjab[10] upheld the constitutional validity of imposition of death sentence as an alternative to life imprisonment and it was further that it is not violate of Arts. 14 and 21 of the Constitution. Chief Justice Chandrachud expressing the view of the three Judges of the Supreme Court in Sher Singh v State of Punjab[11] held that death sentence is constitutionally valid and permissible within the constrains of the rule in Bachan Singh (supra). This has to be accepted as the law of the land. The decisions rendered by this court after full debate has to be accepted without mental reservation until they are set aside. The challenge touching the constitutionality of the death sentence also surfaced in Triveniben v State of Gujarat[12] and in Allauddin’s case[13] and the Supreme Court asserted affirmatively that the Constitution does not prohibit the death penalty. It is in the rare cases, the legislature in its wisdom, considered it necessary impose the extreme punishment of death to deter others and to protect the society. The choice of sentence is left with the rider that the judge may visit the convict with extreme punishment provided there exist special reasons for doing so. PC should be sufficient safe guard against arbitrary imposition of extreme penalty. Where a sentence of severity is imposed, it is imperative that the Judge should indicate the basis upon which he considered the sentence of that magnitude justified. *** That is all about the constitutionality aspects of death penalty according to the interpretation of Supreme Court on Indian Constitution. The decisions of Indian Supreme Court that I have discussed above, however, couldn’t be throughout adopted in Indonesia. But, some of its reasoning can be considered as a guidance for any Indonesian stakeholders.